I mean, really, giant steam-powered robotic octopods rising from the deep to take over the world? How many people fantasize about that?
Although, if it were me, I wouldn’t be focusing so much on the wicked biped with the gun trying to frustrate the steam-o-pod.
I confess, we residents of the USA sometimes have a bit of an inferiority complex when we compare our citizenry to those of other nations of the world — we look like such a collection of idiots next to places like Iceland and Australia and New Zealand and Germany and England and Canada and etc. (at least we feel a bit wiser than Turkey). Of course, none of those other countries are entirely exempt from having dumbasses pontificating on science, so we can still occasionally take a cheap, desperate shot at some furrin’ loon. Here’s a Canadian who has done his part to bolster American egos: James Lunney, conservative member of parliament. Take it away, Mr Lunney!
Mr. Speaker, recently we saw an attempt to ridicule the presumed beliefs of a member of this House and the belief of millions of Canadians in a creator. Certain individuals in the media and the scientific community have exposed their own arrogance and intolerance of beliefs contrary to their own. Any scientist who declares that the theory of evolution is a fact has already abandoned the foundations of science. For science establishes fact through the study of things observable and reproducible. Since origins can neither be reproduced nor observed, they remain the realm of hypothesis.
In science, it is perfectly acceptable to make assumptions when we do not have all the facts, but it is never acceptable to forget our assumptions. Given the modern evidence unavailable to Darwin, advanced models of plate techtonics, polonium radiohalos, polystratic fossils, I am prepared to believe that Darwin would be willing to re-examine his assumptions.
The evolutionists may disagree, but neither can produce Darwin as a witness to prove his point. The evolutionists may genuinely see his ancestor in a monkey, but many modern scientists interpret the same evidence in favour of creation and a creator.
Impressive effort, Lunney. It takes great ignorance to pack so many fallacies into 3 paragraphs.
The mechanisms of evolution are reproducible and observable. We can even observe the historical specifics of contingent evolutionary events.
Mr Lunney’s choices of objections, plate techtonics [sic], polonium radiohalos, and polystratic[sic] fossils, reveal that he has read the erroneous creationist literature, but has never examined the scientific debunkings of his claims.
I have heard this claim that creationists use the same evidence to argue for creation. It is not true. They select a narrow subset of the evidence that superficially supports their claims, and then ignore the broader array of evidence that completely undermines them…as, for example, creationists who claim that plate tectonics, polonious halos, and polystrate trees refute evolution. There is more evidence out there than the tiny fraction that creationists choose to highlight.
An aquarium was having a problem with their coral reef and fish disappearing overnight. It wasn’t the cephalopod! They dismantled the reef rock and discovered a 4-foot long polychaete worm.
They’ve given the beast its own tank now. Good thing — I’d pay to go see that.
The James Randi Educational Foundation givew out the Pigasus awards every year, and every single winner for 2008 deserves the high dishonor. Expelled won; so did Jenny McCarthy. It was a great year for woo, I think.
Speaking of Jenny McCarthy, she has another honor: the Jenny McCarthy Body Count site, which keeps track of the statistical casualties of McCarthy’s insane campaign against vaccination.
He apparently has a new and stupid habit, and US News and World Report wants to know what we think of it. Well, let ’em know.
52.57% Yes
47.43% No
(via The Friendly Atheist)
It’s Cthulhu Day today! There’s a list of activities you should do today, but I’ve got my own ideas, and prefer not to tell you what they are, instead leaving you with a sense of inchoate unfolding dread.
A recent court decision went against the Bush administration, and also reveals some of the contemptible influence peddling that went on in that gathering of scoundrels. The subject was birth control, in particular Plan B and other forms of emergency contraception, and as many of you know, the Bushite regime dragged its feet with ridiculous deliberation in allowing the FDA to approve these forms of contraception, and effectively blocked them from public access. By hook and crook, by cheating and deception, and by lying to the people, as this court decision affirms. This is why we fight the inclusion of religion in government: it poisons everything.
This decision is remarkable in its detailed accounting of the corruption that religious viewpoints can wreak upon public policy. That the right-to-life community was able to derail the availability of emergency contraception so easily is a testament to how bad things truly were in the Bush Administration. It should be unnecessary to say this, but I will: Science, health, and healing should be the focus of the FDA. The pattern of conduct the district court decision reveals is lawless, not only with respect to FDA procedures, but also with respect to the constitutional right to obtain contraception established by the Supreme Court Griswold v. Connecticut. This is not the state’s role. Indeed, the imposition by the Bush FDA of the religious beliefs of some upon others who do not believe is antithetical to our system. The core of the Establishment Clause is intended to prevent this sort of substitution of religious reasoning for sound public policy decisionmaking.
But that era is over, right? Don’t start cheering yet.
President Bush seems not to have been able to make public decisions without reference to right-wing religious beliefs. That inclination was probably reinforced by his practice of having a weekly conference call with conservative Christian clergy.
It is troubling to learn that President Obama appears to have instituted the same practice of scheduled weekly consultation with clergy. While Presidents from the start have looked to their faith to give them courage and solace, and many have had a religious counselor for one-on-one discussions, the weekly call with a committee of clergy is quite different. It would be very hard to believe that the discussion does not veer away from spiritual counseling, and into public policy. And what other political interest groups get this kind of access to the President? Reading Judge Korman’s well-reasoned and well-supported decision in Tummino, one is reminded that one cannot assume that religious advising is always, or even usually, politically-neutral. Moreover, it is never accountable to the people, by constitutional design. The President, however, is.
Also, don’t forget that these so-called “spiritual leaders” use the credibility conferred by these weekly meetings to reinforce their political authority and push a political agenda on their flocks. It’s a tool that is abused and gives political leverage to people who are often the enemies of secularism.
Does anyone know who Obama’s consulting clergy are? These are people to be watched; I’d also like to see that we urge Obama to also listen to dissenting voices. Where’s the weekly consultation with atheists, I might ask? Or with scientists and engineers? Why is he wasting time with those pious con artists, anyway?
Another blog entry tops the 1K mark: I’m closing the God, abortionist thread and opening this one up for any spillover. Clearly, we need faster, more powerful servers to keep up with the chatter going on here.
Again, I’ve lost track of whatever the subject was, so I guess you can talk about anything.
The history of venoms is a wonderful example of an evolutionary process. We’re all familiar with the idea of venomous snakes, but the cool thing is that when we examine exactly what it is they’re injecting into their prey, it’s a collection of proteins that show a nested hierarchy of descent. Ancient reptiles had a small and nasty set of poisons they would use, and to improve their efficacy, more and more have been added to the cocktail; so some lizards produce venomous proteins, while the really dangerous members of the Serpentes produce those same proteins, plus a large array of others.
So something like CRISP (Cystein RIch Secretory Protein) is common to all, but only the most refined predators add PLA2 (Phosopholipase A2) to the mix.
Now lethally poisonous snakes are nice and cute and all, but we all know where the interesting action really is: cephalopods. Let’s leave the vertebrates altogether and look at a venomous protostome clade to see what they do.
Brian Fry, who did all that excellent work characterizing and cataloging the
pharmacy of venoms secreted by poisonous snakes, has also turned his hand to the cephalopods. He examined the products of the venom glands of octopus, squid, and cuttlefish, and found a range of proteins, some unique, and others familiar: CAP (a CRISP protein), chitinase, peptidase S1, PLA2 and others. There are a couple of interesting lessons in that list.
First, evolution doesn’t just invent something brand new on the spot to fill a function — what we find instead is that existing proteins are repurposed to do a job. This is how evolution generally operates, taking what already exists and tinkering and reshaping it to better fulfill a useful function. Phospholipase A2, for instance, is a perfectly harmless and extremely useful non-venomous protein in many organisms — we non-toxic humans also make it. We use it as a regulatory signal to control the inflammation response to infection and injury — in moderation, it’s a good thing. What venomous animals can do, though, is inject us with an overdose of this regulator to send our local repair and recovery systems berserk, producing swelling that can incapacitate a tissue. Similarly, a peptidase is a useful enzyme for breaking down proteins in the digestive system…but a poisonous snake or cephalopod biting your hand can squirt it into the tissues, and now it’s being used to digest your muscles and connective tissue. Some effective venoms are simply common proteins used inappropriately (from the perspective of the target).
Another interesting observation is that cephalopods and vertebrates have independently converged in using some of the same venoms. In part, this is a consequence of historical availability — all animals have phospholipases,, since they are important general signalling molecules, so it’s part of the collection of widgets in the metazoan toolbox from which evolution can draw. It’s also part of an inflammation pathway that can be exploited by predators, in the same way that we have shared proteins used in the operation of the nervous system that can be targeted by neurotoxins. So there is independent convergence on a specific use of these proteins as toxins, but one of the things that facilitates the convergence is a shared ancestry.
In fact, some very diverse groups seem to consistently settle on the same likely suspects in their venoms.
But finally, there must also be physical and chemical proteins of these particular proteins that must also predispose them to use as toxins. After all, animals aren’t coopting just any protein for venoms — they aren’t injecting large quantities of tubulin or heat shock proteins into their prey. There must be something about each of the standard suspects in venoms that make them particularly dangerous. What the comparative evolutionary approach allows us to do is identify the common molecular properties that make for a good venom. As Fry explains it,
Typically the proteins chosen are from
widely dispersed multigene secretory protein families with
extensive cysteine cross-linking. These proteins are collectively much more numerous than globular enzymes,
transmembrane proteins, or intracellular protein. Although
the relative abundance of these protein types in animal
venoms may reflect stochastic recruitment processes, there
has not been a single reported case of a signal peptide
added onto a transmembrane or intracellular protein or a
hybrid protein expressed in a venom gland. A strong bias is
also evident for all of the protein-scaffold types, whether
from peptides or enzymes. Although the protein scaffolds
present in venoms represent functionally and structurally
versatile kinds, they share an underlying biochemistry that
would produce toxic effects when delivered as an “overdose”. Toxic effects include taking
advantage of a universally present substrate to cause
physical damage or causing changes in physiological
chemistry though agonistic or antagonistic targeting. This allows the new venom gland protein to have an
immediate effect based on overexpression of the original
bioactivity. Furthermore, the features of widely dispersed
body proteins, particularly the presence of a molecular
scaffold amenable to functional diversification, are features
that make a protein suitable for accelerated gene duplication and diversification in the venom gland.
To simplify, killing something with a secreted poison typically involves reusing an extant protein, but not just any protein — only a subset of the proteins in an animal’s proteome has just the right properties to make for a good venom. Therefore, we see the same small set of proteins get independently coopted into the venom glands of various creatures.
Fry BG, Roelants K, Norman JA (2009) Tentacles of venom: toxic protein convergence in the Kingdom Animalia. J Mol Evol Mar 18. [Epub ahead of print].
