This is the philosophy behind a person’s essence, that is, one’s temperament, which can be described by higher-order traits or dimensions that are further divided into sub-traits or facets. Some of these tendencies are driven by our physiology, some just hint at it, while others correlate with other facets, giving clues that one is tangled with the other, and some may bear no such relationship.
In philosophy, essence makes the thing what it is, and without which it would be not that kind of thing [3]. The concept can be seen in the works of Aristotle and Plato, who used the Greek expression to ti esti, meaning “the what it is“. [4]
To be sure, it’s a tough task to etch out a particular tendency such that it has a stable and definable input response, say stimulating an infant with a light shined to its eyes (the input) to measure a response (the output), since the outputs will change when the situation changes. But we can still capture a definable quality as described by the behavior we observe, and the idea that it’s impossible to get at the “essence” of these observations has been wrongly expressed throughout our philosophical history.
Niels Bohr was skeptical about our ability to grasp whatever “hidden whole” (the physiological process) lay behind what was observed (the trait’s behavior), even though he agreed it was necessary to use words as conceptual aids to describe the invisible processes. But these words were conjectures to help understanding. [1]
The Essence of a Behavior
To locate the essence of a behavior means to get as close as possible to the physiological response that is shaped by genetics and unique to a class of people. For example, the temperament – a genetically influenced trait – called inhibition to the unfamiliar, changes over the situation, say shy when with people, say timid when in unfamiliar territory, and finicky when with unfamiliar food. Inhibition (the “hidden whole”) is the essence of the traits labeled as shy, timid, and finicky since it’s closest to one’s physiology.
To side with Einstein, however, is to commit the error of awarding a trait [my insertion] a Platonic reality—a thing in itself—that is a fiction. Hilary Putnam (1995) argues that when we talk of “ding an sich” [a thing as it is in itself, not understood through human perception]” we do not know what we are talking about. [1]
The trait is not a Platonic reality because it only exists as a phenomenon perceived. Here, it’s the physiological response to a stimulus applied to infants to see how “reactive” they are. Developmental psychologist Jerome Kagan found that 20% of infants, always in that proportion if sample size large, “showed limbic activity combined with distress to visual, auditory, and olfactory stimuli” [1].
“EEG activation on the right frontal area under resting conditions while most infants show activation in the left frontal area” [1]. The right frontal area in the brain is where negative “affect” occurs. Affect is either how pleasant or unpleasant (valence) we feel or how agitated or calm (arousal) we feel. Infants that show negative affect are more likely to test high for the trait of neuroticism as adults.
The Essence as Elusiveness
The trait of inhibitedness, however, may not be the fundamental trait since “high sensory-processing sensitivity” of brain regions and the nervous system exist in individuals that are labeled as “high-reactive”, which results in sensitivity to subtle stimuli, cues, and novelty, as well as being easily overstimulated. And people with this trait can appear to be shy because they often hesitate.
This hesitation has been described by Dr. Aron as “geared to pause, inspect and reflect” [1]. An analogy may be helpful here to illustrate why “sensitivity” is a better descriptor than “inhibitedness” just as “skin-cancer-proneness” is not as generally useful a descriptor of a blonde, blue-eyed person’s major physical traits as “fair” or “fair-complexioned” would be” [1].
The importance of sensitivity or inhibitedness (which can result in fearfulness, shyness, and anxiety) will be obvious in a future post where the psychopath, not all but a vast majority, scores low in inhibitedness and therefore expresses what is known as boldness and fearless dominance, which, some argue, coupled with other traits, make the trait pathological in nature [2].
References
[1] Extreme Fear, Shyness, and Social Phobia (Series in Affective Science).
[2] Handbook of Psychopathy, Second Edition. Guilford Publications.
[3] Lakoff, George. Moral Politics. University of Chicago Press.
[4] Wikipedia contributors. “Essence.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 25 Feb. 2020. Web. 26 Apr. 2020.
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