The Scopes appeal

As I said in my previous post, the Scopes defense team wanted their client to be found guilty of violating the 1925 Butler Act guilty so that they could appeal to the higher courts on the constitutional grounds that it violated free speech guarantees. This was why Scopes’s main attorney Clarence Darrow actually asked the jury to bring in a guilty verdict, which they were happy to do after just a few minutes deliberation.

The following extract from my book, God vs. Darwin: The War Between Evolution and Creationism in the Classroom that reviewed the 80-year legal fight by religious groups to combat the teaching of the theory of evolution in public schools, that began with the Scopes trial and ended with the Intelligent Design trial in Dover, PA in 2005, describes the aftermath of the trial

The Scopes verdict was appealed to the Tennessee Supreme Court. Many people on the defense side, including the ACLU, tried to have Darrow removed from the defense team for the appeal since they wanted to bring the focus back to the issue of free speech and feared that Darrow’s strong antipathy to religion would result in that issue dominating once again. But Darrow and his allies outmaneuvered them and he stayed on.
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Recalling the Scopes trial on its 100th anniversary

This week I will review some aspects of the famous 1925 Scopes trial that lasted from July 10 through Tuesday, July 21. It has cast such a long shadow, and has reverberated so much in public consciousness, that it is worthwhile to have a quick summary of the actual events of that trial, in order to separate the facts from the folklore that has arisen around it as a result of the hugely popular play and film Inherit the Wind, the former produced in 1955 and the latter in 1960.

The trial itself was brief, lasting just eight days, much of it involving wrangling over legal technicalities that took place with the jury out of the courtroom. It involved the question of whether John T, Scopes had violated the Butler Act passed by Tennessee in March of 1925 that said that “it shall be unlawful for any teacher in any of the Universities, Normals and all other public schools of the State which are supported in whole or in part by the public school funds of the State, to teach any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals.” There were only two occasions when the two famous attorneys William Jennings Bryan and Clarence Darrow were able to make speeches and these occurred in the middle of the trial during legal skirmishes.

What follows is an extract from my book God vs. Darwin: The War Between Evolution and Creationism in the Classroom that reviewed the 80-year legal fight by religious groups to combat the teaching of the theory of evolution in public schools, that began with the Scopes trial and ended with the Intelligent Design trial in Dover, PA in 2005.

Day 1, Friday, July 10: The morning saw the grand jury and witnesses appear to issue a new indictment, since the older one was discovered to have had a technical flaw. Scopes had to tell a reluctant student that he would be doing him a favor by testifying against him, and then was duly indicted again. After lunch, jury selection took place.
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Trump has declared war on the Hispanic community

One of the noteworthy features of the 2024 election was the deep inroads that Trump made into the traditionally Democratic voters in the Hispanic community.

The [Rio Grande] Valley, a longtime Democratic stronghold, has in recent years been used as evidence of Donald Trump and his maga movement’s appeal to nonwhite voters. In 2021, when Villalobos was elected, Republicans celebrated the win as a sign of good things to come. “Amazing news! McAllen, Texas is a major border town of 140,000 people. 85% Hispanic—and just elected a Republican mayor,” Steve Cortes, a former Trump adviser, posted on Twitter. “The macro realignment accelerates in South Texas, and elsewhere, as Hispanics rally to America First.” In last year’s Presidential election, Trump won every county in the Valley, including one where Hillary Clinton had beat him by forty points, in 2016. McAllen had the second-biggest shift in party share of any large city in the nation, trailing only Laredo, another Texas border community. “In the Rio Grande Valley, the Red Wave Makes Landfall,” the Texas Observer declared, calling the 2024 election a “bloodbath” and wondering whether Texas Democrats were “doomed.”
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Republican gains in the Valley are the result of overlapping forces. The Valley’s population tends to be patriotic and religious, with relatively lower rates of educational attainment. Republicans touted their support for law enforcement and oil and gas—significant sources of employment in the area—while local Democrats were increasingly seen as complacent, and in some cases corrupt. In 2022, McAllen’s congressional district, which had been held by Democrats for more than a century, elected its first Republican. (The district had been redrawn after the 2020 census to make it more favorable to Republicans.)

But Trump has declared war on the Hispanic community, targeting anyone of that heritage for harassment, detention, and deportation. ICE agents have focused their attentions on neighborhoods where they live and places where they congregate to find work and targeting anyone who happens to look Hispanic. This has resulted in many of them being afraid to go out anywhere or show up for work.
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The revolutionary water clock

Creating accurate time pieces has been a long-standing goal. Some of the earliest devices, such as the sun dial, suffered from the fact that they depended on the presence of sunlight. Water clocks, that measured the level of water in a container as it flowed out through a hole at the bottom, solved that problem but suffered from others, such as that the rate of flow depended upon the height of water in the container and was thus irregular and that the water had to be manually replenished. Another thing that had to be taken into account was that in those days, an ‘hour’ was not a fixed time interval as it is now. Instead, an ‘hour’ was defined by dividing the total amount of daylight in a day by twelve, and thus the length of an ‘hour’ varied with the seasons and this was hard to take into account.

But way back in the in the 3rd century BCE, a Greek inventor in Alexandria named Ctesibius devised an ingenious water clock that solved all these problems and which remained the standard for about 1800 years until the invention of the pendulum clock in 1656.

This video explains how he did it.

Ultimate cause of Air India crash remains a mystery

Indian aviation authorities have released the preliminary report on the Air India flight 171 crash that occurred just minutes after take off from Ahmedabad airport , killing 241 of the 242 people on board. While it pinpoints the proximate cause of the Boeing crash, it leaves unresolved how that came about.

The proximate cause is that the engine fuel switch to both engines was switched to the ‘off’ position.

According to a preliminary report by India’s Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau, moments after take-off both the switches in the cockpit that controlled fuel going to the engines had been moved to the “cut-off” position. Moving the fuel switches almost immediately cuts the engine.
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According to the report, the fuel switches were moved to cut-off “one after another”. Seconds later, the switches were moved back to turn the fuel back on and one of the plane’s engines was able to restart, but could not reverse the plane’s deceleration.

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How is this not a police state?

The Intercept has a long article, supported by horrifying video evidence, detailing case after case of armed, often masked and non-uniformed ICE agents in unmarked vehicles rounding up and assaulting people who have not done anything wrong and violently attacking bystanders who try to record the events or protest this thuggish behavior. The ICE agents then later falsely claim without evidence that they were attacked first, though the idea that ordinary unarmed individuals are going to attack gangs of armed people is absurd on its face.

I really cannot do justice to the article by providing excerpts. It has to be read and the videos seen. It is a disgusting series of actions that has to be considered criminal but is being carried out by agents of the government, who have been given a quota of people to arrest and deport and are reaching it by going to places where Latino people work in low-level jobs and grabbing them off the street by brutal means.

No one who reads these cases can then deny in good conscience that we are living in a police state.

False stories in the aftermath of tragedy

Whenever there is a natural disaster that takes many lives, there is a tendency for people to seize upon conspiratorial thinking as to the cause or on stories of miraculous survival or rescue.

In the case of the recent flash floods in Texas that has resulted in over 100 deaths and over a 150 people still missing, we see the conspiratorial minded come out in full force. I am not talking about the more serious discussions as to whether the cuts by Trump in funding the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) resulted in less efficient weather forecasting and early warnings (and he is proposing further $2.2 billion in cuts to NOAA), but about stories that the floods were the result of the government efforts to manipulate the weather.

Some people, emerging from the same vectors associated with the longstanding QAnon conspiracy theory, which essentially holds that a shadowy “deep state” is acting against President Donald Trump, spread on X that the devastating weather was being controlled by the government.

“I NEED SOMEONE TO LOOK INTO WHO WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS,” posted Pete Chambers, a former special forces commander and frequent fixture on the far right who once organized an armed convoy to the Texas border, along with documents he claimed to show government weather operations. “WHEN WAS THE LAST CLOUD SEEDING?”
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The implications of Mamdani’s win

The thin veneer that enables the political establishment to pretend that the Democratic and Republican parties represent any fundamental differences gets stripped away whenever someone with socialist leanings breaks through the space formed by the neoliberal Democratic party establishment and the right-wing extremist Republican party, which is where the political establishment lives. Thus the democratic socialist Zohran Mamdani’s win on a populist platform in the New York City Democratic mayoral primary has sent shock waves through the political establishment.

Now that right wing alliance is gearing up to defeat Mamdani, using red-baiting, xenophobia, and Islamophobia, with the New York Times joining in the effort. It is at times like these that that newspaper sheds its superficially liberal or neutral mask and reveals itself for the establishment rag that it is. As evidence of this, Margaret Sullivan writes that the paper is trying to blow up a trivial story into something big.
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China opens up as the US shuts down

As the US increasingly restricts the people who can come to the US and hassles people at the border who come here and thus discourages visitors, China has gone in the opposite direction. It has added more than 70 countries to its list of those whose citizens can get visa-free entry for 30 days, thus promoting tourism. Many countries are excluded from this relaxation, including the US, UK, Canada, Russia..

In December 2023, China announced visa-free entry for citizens of France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain and Malaysia. Almost all of Europe has been added since then. Travelers from five Latin American countries and Uzbekistan became eligible last month, followed by four in the Middle East. The total will grow to 75 on July 16 with the addition of Azerbaijan.

About two-thirds of the countries have been granted visa-free entry on a one-year trial basis.
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Those from 10 countries not in the visa-free scheme have another option: entering China for up to 10 days if they depart for a different country than the one they came from. The policy is limited to 60 ports of entry, according to the country’s National Immigration Administration.

The transit policy applies to 55 countries, but most are also on the 30-day visa-free entry list. It does offer a more restrictive option for citizens of the 10 countries that aren’t: the Czech Republic, Lithuania, Sweden, Russia, the United Kingdom, Ukraine, Indonesia, Canada, the U.S. and Mexico.

Aside from the U.K., Sweden is the only other high-income European country that didn’t make the 30-day list. Ties with China have frayed since the ruling Chinese Communist Party sentenced a Swedish book seller, Gui Minhai, to prison for 10 years in 2020. Gui disappeared in 2015 from his seaside home in Thailand but turned up months later in police custody in mainland China.

China is clearly seeking to take advantage of the US’s decreasing attractiveness as a tourist destination.

Balancing the universality of humanism with one’s specific ethnic heritage

I found this interesting short clip of the versatile physician, writer, director, documentarian, comedian, and public intellectual Jonathan Miller, who died in 2019 at the age of 85, talking with Dick Cavett about how he views his own Jewish ethnicity. I found completely relatable his views about subordinating the ethnic and religious heritage into which he was born to a more universal sense of humanity.

The exchange is well worth watching for anyone trying to navigate rejecting ethnic and religious sectarianism and embracing solidarity with the human race as a whole, without giving the impression that they are disowning or are even ashamed of being born into a specific heritage. As he said, the only time he feels it necessary to tell anyone that he is Jewish is when they turn out to be an antisemite.
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