Yeah, I went there and made fun of Rhode Island again. It is our latest national example of fuming ignorance, you know.
But let’s put it in perspective. Nowhere in the US is as awful as Indonesia.
An Indonesian man could be hit with a five-year jail term after posting “God does not exist” on an atheist group’s Facebook Page.
The civil servant, described as a 31-year-old named Alexander, told the Jakarta Globe that an angry mob had accosted him and beat him up on Wednesday, after reaching his office at the Dharmasraya Development Planning Board.
The man moderates a Facebook Page for the Minang Atheists, and says that in addition to his impromptu punishment at the hands of a baying mob, he’s also facing dismissal from his job and a prison sentence under strict blasphemy laws. Furthermore, Dharmasraya Police Chief Chairul Aziz said Alexander is currently in “protective custody”, adding that Alexander was afraid of physical assault.
Hmmm. I’m scratching “visit Indonesia” off my bucket list.
I’ll bet the theocracy really brings people a sense of community and belonging.
Urgh! This is all getting depressing. Maybe I should opt for the ocular icepick lobotomy and let my thinking be done by someone else.
Then I can drool out a phrase alluding to the notion that the Minang Atheists had it coming to them, after all what did they expect? Hmm? Trouble makers.
There you go again, smearing all of religion just because the world’s most populous majority Muslim country puts people in prison for five years for saying God does not exist.
~sarcasm~
One of the things a blasphemy laws shows is the concept of a diety is too puny to defend itself.
(Somewhere, the Hoax is thinking to himself that the mob is being too lenient.)
Blasphemy laws are also a tolerated way to make hatred into a law.
A nice irony here. The Muslims who threw a tantrum at UCL were Ahmadiyah Muslims, considered apostates by many other Muslims. The Ahmadiyahs in Indonesia are also subject to persecution. Incidentally, the claim in the article I link to that Indonesia has a secular constitution is an absurd falsehood: freedom of religious practice is limited to a list of six religions, and trying to persuade others to abandon their religion is punishable by 5 years’ jail.
I suppose a 5 year prison term is an improvement over the death sentence they used to impose upon Atheists.
Not trying to go all ‘cultural relativist’ but I hear Indonesia is an amazing place to visit. After all if you were going to knock places off your bucket list on the basis of them having obscenely repressive laws and mobs of crazy fundamentalists about the only place anyone would ever visit would be sweden.
And then the poor Finlanders would have nowhere to go…
Here is a question asked out of sheer ignorance; is living openly as an atheist enough to be considered trying to persuade others to abandon their religion?
The Religion of Peace strikes again. I’m beginning to think that in the imaginary pantheon, Allah, being the youngest, is the one insecure one with the most to prove.
Damn, and they have some of the best surf in the world too.
GD gives yet an other reason why he should be ignored.
Well, there are atheists, I’ve met some (though officially they all belonged to a religion), and there are atheist groups operating in the country, but the blasphemy law is quite strong, unfortunately. People are obliged to join one of the six officially recognised religions. (I’ve felt the pressure myself to masquerade myself as a so-called “ID-card only Lutheran”.) Since democratisation, previously oppressed fundamentalist groups can now operate freely, and their influence on government policies has been growing (see the controversy on the pornography bill in 2008). But until now the secular*) state ideology of Pancasila has been largely intact.
*) Pancasila means “five pillars” in Sanskrito-Indonesian, and one of them is the belief in one god, but the secularness of it is that you’re free to choose from the six gods officially recognised.
I’ve said several times here that for desecrating a cracker, people have gone to jail for several years in Indonesia. Same thing happens for blaspheming the prophet. So don’t make this a Muslim-bashing issue, the blasphemy law is abuse by all official religions in Indonesia.
The charge apparently is not that he denied the existence of god, but that he cited the Qur’an in doing so, thus fulfilling the requirements of the blasphemy law.
However, the law is always fluid in Indonesia and courts are amenable to financial persuasion, unless the case is in the focus of public opinion.
In the current case, it was a lucky thing for Alex to have been arrested, because lynch mob justice is common in Indonesia (called “justice of the people”). In cracker desecration cases, it is customary that the culprit gets beaten up by the other churchgoers until they are taken into custody by police. If the court verdict is not severe enough, Catholics have been known to start riots.
Still, I think it would be great if PZ was able to go to one of the more secular places in Indonesia, like Jakarta or Bali, and give a speech there, but I’d advise discussing this with local groups first.
Ironically enough, one day before the incident, there was article in the Jakarta Globe on atheists:
http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/editorschoice/no-need-to-believe-indonesias-atheists/492147
“Hmmm. I’m scratching “visit Indonesia” off my bucket list.”
Looking at the world today there are only two places I might like to visit, Rapanui and Iceland. Only problem with Iceland is they ain’t too fond of Americans for pretty legitimate reasons.
Thank you, pelamun, you answered my question. So a person cannot be an open atheist. The use of state sanctioned force to make sure that religion is respected, such a thing of beauty.
janine,
many Indonesians I’ve met were cultural religionists. It’s parental pressure to keep up a religious façade. Just being an atheist should not get you killed, but the problem is that if you openly deny the existence of any of the six gods, that could make you liable under the blasphemy law, so practically speaking atheists are being silenced. But declaring “I don’t believe in god” should be safer than “God doesn’t exist”.
Ahmadiyya is a problem because their tenet that Muhammed was not the last prophet is seen as blasphemy, and thus the existence of Ahmadiyya is seen as offensive in itself, since they say they’re Muslims. They’re a little bit like the Mormons of Islam, just that you don’t have angry mobs in America burning down Mormom temples…
Unfortunately, this keeping up façades also applies to gay people, even if there is this typically Southeast Asian “third gender” subculture, but they’re usually relegated to a social fringe status, but they do not have to fear for their lives.
Careful, now. The last thing we want is to fall into the trap of, “Sure, we’ve got [problem], but at least we’re not [other group]!”
Such a trade off, allow yourself to be ghettoized and you can live.
Well, one out of two is still good: Sweden’s shameful transgender sterilization rule
Ironically enough, in the 60s there was an abortive coup by the Communist Party (PKI), the aftermath of which ultimately brought Suharto to power.
Anyone who did not have an official religion was suspected to be an atheist = communist, and hunted down, thousands of people died.
The adherents of traditional animist religions were collateral damage, in order not to arouse suspicion, they quickly converted to Protestantism (called “Kristen”) or Catholicism (“Katolik”) in the East. In some places they still follow their animist beliefs while officially they’re Protestant/Catholic or whatever. (Syncretism is common all over Indonesia anyways, for all religions).
(It’s also legal to convert people from Katolik to Kristen and back. I saw books by Joel Osteen translated into Indonesian in an overwhelmingly Catholic area, they’re proselytising among the Catholics)
As in East Asia, the pressure is always there to follow the traditional family model. I don’t know about SEA, but in Japan homosexual practices among the warrior class were widespread and by the end of the Edo period had even spread to the townsfolk, but irrespective of that they were expected to marry and get children.
Then European-style modernisation brought Western taboos against homosexuality and also the concept of love marriage to Japan. (I hear China has a similar story, though it’s been recorded for 600 BC, I’m not sure what happened in the meantime or if we can blame the West here too)
@Brownian #18
Thanks! I’m always happy when people point out repressive practices in the Swedish Utopian Stepfordesque paradise :)
Sorry Gunboat Diplomat. Was less trying to bring Sweden down a peg (some of my best (girl)friend
sis Swedish!) as much as point out a somewhat anomalously repressive anti-LGBT law.as for Sweden: wait for the next elections in 2014 and hope for a Social Democratic return to power.
The current government is a four-party coalition of mainly conservative/centre-right parties, and one of them is preventing any changes to the current situation (not to mention the xenophobic Sverigedemokraterna).
AFAIK, Sweden also has an alimony rule that could make sperm donors to be liable for child support, so same-sex couples looking to get children have to go to neighbouring Denmark, just like Germans.
In addition to the more thoughtful answers you’ve already received, there was actual evidence that Alexander was influencing others–his facebook page on atheism had over a thousand “likes”. This was mentioned as important in at least one of the articles I read on this situation.
Whatever you do, DO NOT spit on the sidewalk.
Do you really think there would be repercussions if you were to move to Reykjavik? My feeling is that USians sometimes overestimate the amount of hostility they would face in European countries. For example, we had guests from TX in Germany around the beginning of the Irak war who were afraid that people here would spit on them or hit them or whatever, for political reasons. They were kind of surprised that no one hated them.
FWIW: in many regions of Indonesia, people are changing their religious affiliation, even leaving Islam, despite the fact that civil matters are governed by rules specific to each religion you belong to. In order for a civil marriage to become valid, you have to have a religious marriage certificate as well. But I know many people who have changed religions for marriage, so it seems that government rules are taking precedence to shariah rules here.
In Malaysia, it’s legally impossible to leave Islam, as all Muslims are subject so shariah. Their only recourse is to get married abroad and then get the marriage recognised in Malaysia (which unlike Saudi Arabia, is possible with Malaysia)
Tyrant,
FWIW, I have an American friend from Texas, who was in Germany for a year and made a lot of negative experiences. Though hard to say whether that had to with him being American or him being a foreigner.
But this is only as far as anecdotes will take us. The current data from the Pew survey are looking up for Americans wanting to spend some time in Europe, though Japan would be even better
http://www.pewglobal.org/database/?indicator=1
Religion in Indonesia: “SEE WHAT YOU MADE ME DO!!!”
oh sorry, wrong survey. As is to be expected, the opinion of Americans was better than that of the United States, at least in Europe:
http://www.pewglobal.org/database/?indicator=2&survey=13&response=Favorable&mode=chart
Do not visit Indonesia then, come and visit Czech Republic instead. There are quite a few idiots here and politics sucks (but where it doesn’t?), but one thing is almost certaing – no religious mobs here as well as no blasphemy laws, but plenty of high quality beer and beauty.
there is no god.
free speech FTW!
““Hmmm. I’m scratching “visit Indonesia” off my bucket list.””
Hmmm…You might as well scratch the whole fucking world off your list while you’re at it.
@ Tyrant,
I totally agree that Americans generally overestimate the antagonism that other countries feel toward us as individuals. I studied abroad as an American in Cuba, and only had a couple times where being a “yuma” (their slang term for Americans, somehow adopted from the movie “3:10 to Yuma”) became a problem, and those only involved words from drunk people. And that’s a country which we have maintained a 50 year embargo against, so most Americans think it would be somewhat hostile. I think that most of the world is pretty good at separating disagreement with government policies from dislike for the people of a country.
I was lucky enough to visit Prague back in 1991 (when it was still part of Czechoslovakia) and I can vouch that does indeed have plenty of high quality beer and beauty.
I think a country like Indonesia would need more public lectures from atheists, to raise the profile of atheists, but the potential legal problems make it hard. Maybe it’d be safer to give the talk via satellite link. This would also make a powerful statement in showing the deficits of freedom of religion in Indonesia. But first you’d need to find an organisation willing to host such an event…
As I understand it, the Ahmadiyah deny that they regard their founder as a prophet. This BBC article quotes one of their local leaders in Indonesia to that effect.
Also, I understand it is not at all clear that the PKI (Communist Party of Indonesia) were involved in the 1965 attempted coup by the 30th September Movement.
Zing Avenger,
for the Catholic cracker cases, it seems to be popular sentiment. Probably also because they feel under siege as a religious minority. Acc to my anthropologist friend, the confirmation to rituals, both ritual (in the sense of traditional customs) and religious, are a form of social control.
From what I’ve talked to Catholic priests about the issue, the clergy usually are trying to calm down the anger.
If my understanding of Islam is correct, it is not as hierarchical as Catholicism, and thus local mullahs often play a pivotal role in encouraging angry mobs, as a form of exerting their power. And not just mullahs, also community leaders.
KG,
This may very well be, but the MUI fatwa from 1980 still stands. I really think the Mormon analogy is a valid one. A lot of fundie Christians also believe a lot of incorrect stuff about them.
Yes. I believe it was a plot to oust the left-leaning first president, Sukarno, probably supported by the US, à la Iran. But it doesn’t change the fact that PKI membrs were hunted down and slaughtered.
pelamun,
From wikipedias “religion in Indonesia”:
So that’s two obvious contradictions for a start!
Sorry, my #40 wasn’t specifically addressed to pelamun: I started to ask him what the six religions were, then realised I could very easily look it up.
KG, this is what I meant above in my #12:
The passage in the constitution actually reads
1. The state is based on the belief in the One God.
2. The state guarantees each citizen to hold his or her individual religion and to worship according his or her religion and belief.
Now I’m no lawyer, but I believe one could construe 29(2) to mean that each citizen is free to choose from the six officially recognised religions.
Also, democratisation in Indonesia is a recent phenomenon, the 1945 constitution promises a lot of rights that were ignored by the Suharto regime. It has been a gradual transformation, so certain parts of the state apparatus might still not care about the legal matters until today.
“about the legal details”
sorry omitted an important word here:
1. The state is based on the belief in the One God.
2. The state guarantees each citizen the FREEDOM to hold his or her individual religion and to worship according his or her religion and belief.
it’s also weird that they force all the official religions into the procrustean bed of monotheism, but I guess:
– Buddhism : Buddha (I guess in a folk religion way of Buddhism it’d make sense)
– Confucianism : Confucius (which is weird, because they should have recognised Taoism rather than Confucianism; this is the sixth religion, as the Chinese minority was subject to discrimination under the dictatorship and masqueraded all its non-Christian religious activities as “pseudo-Buddhism”)
– Hinduism : this makes more sense after I was reading a comment last month on Pharyngula on the common misunderstanding of Indian Hinduism as polytheistic. Apparently, Indian Hinduism also has a concept called Sarvashaktiman Parmeshwar, and the many gods are more akin to Catholic saints. Similar ideas have been highlighted by Balinese Hindus to fit into the Pancasila framework of state-prescribed monotheism…
You could try this spot: 7.275292,-139.482422.
Yeah, that’s an odd list. Why two forms of Christianity but a monolithic Islam? And if “belief in the one and only god” is so important, why include Hinduism (multiple gods), Buddhism (sort of ambiguous on the whole idea), and Confucianism (non-theistic), or exclude Orthodoxy and Judaism?
I know, I’m a fool to expect consistancy and rationality from the sort of people who think up these laws.
Thanks for all the insight on Indonesia, Pelamun.
And for pre-empting my 146 with your 145.
Do you really think there would be repercussions if you were to move to Reykjavik?
No Tyrant, but I expect there would be a certain distance maintained. I actually think, on the whole, Icelanders are probably more civilized than Americans. Oh well, maybe Rapanui is far enough in the middle of nowhere to get away from the mess.
pelamun @ 28:
I don’t mean to be impolite, but is it possible that they just didn’t like him?
What a Maroon,
Islam: mostly Sunnis, two minorities of Shi’ites and Ahmadis. Shi’ites seem to be fine.
Two varieties of Christianity: this is because of colonial history. The Catholic parts were those that were originally Catholic and then sold to a then rabidly anti-Catholic Netherlands. Kristen is basically the Dutch Protestant brand of Christianity, though apparently other Protestants have been able to operate in the country, incl. American strands. There are simply no Orthodox Indonesians.
Judaism: there were some Jews under Dutch rule, but there aren’t any left. Unfortunately due to globalisation, the conflict in the Middle East, which used to be worlds away from Indonesia, has now gotten very close psychologically and led to an anti-Israeli policy. For instance, it’s practically impossible for Israelis to enter the country. All Israelis I’ve met were dual citizenship holders of the US, UK or Canada. There is a synagogue in Surabaya, but hasn’t been used for a long time. Even despite this, there was a bomb attack on it a couple of years ago.
As I’ve said before, something the government should recognise are the traditional animist beliefs. Not allowing already margninalised minority group to participate fully as citizens (because that’d mean being able to have a valid entry under “religion” on your ID card) is yet another way of discriminating against them…
PZ, don’t scratch visit Indonesia of your bucket list!. There are atheists in Indonesia. We need you to visit us sometime. I founded “Indonesian Atheists (IA)” back in 2008, and we have just been affiliated with AAI last year.
The news article isn’t really that accurate. Why Alex was arrested is not a mere declaration of “God does not exists”, but it was because of the huge amount of anti-Islam rhetorics in the page that he moderated (you know, Muhammad this, Muhammad that, put his comics doing something, etc). And we have this blasphemy law with max 5 years jail in Indonesia, which is relatively mild compared to the death sentence in many other places, but still of course, very unfair and still potentially life threatening when he got released someday (the mob can kill him). I’m currently asking around how we can get in touch with the poor guy in Sumatra.
I’m currently studying in Germany so I hope no one from Indonesia would want to arrest me. I’ll come to AAI conference on May in Köln, so I hope to see you there.
karlkarnadi,
congratulations on the article about you in the Jakarta Globe, though the timing was quite ironic. I hope something can be done for Alex. If he should lose his job, maybe you can open up a Spendenkonto in Germany.
I’m not sure if I can come to the event in May, but I’d like to get in touch with you nevertheless..
Either I’m living 100 posts in the future or I can’t count.
Or, ideally, get out of the business of recognizing religion altogether.
Oh yes, but baby steps. I’d predict riots if the government was to do such a thing now. Democracy can be a two-edged sword sometimes, BUT one advantage Indonesia has over many other Islamic countries is its diversity, both ethnic and cultural. And even religious, even in its limited six official religion kinda way. The principle of live and let live is already present. Raising the profile of atheists in the country would be another, but the local groups would need to devise a strategy what would be the best way to go about this.
The national motto is Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, which is the Sanskrito-Javanese version of E pluribus unum.
In 1981, when I joined the Canadian army as a private recruit, I filled in an information form for producing my identification tags: name, serial number, blood type, etc. There was a box for religion so that the padres would know which mumbo jumbo to mutter over the corpse. I left it blank. The form came back. The religion box was mandatory. I entered “none”. The form came back. “None” was not acceptable. I attached a page explaining that I had no religious beliefs or affiliation. My stamped metal tags arrived with the code “CS” (for generic “Christian”) on them. Someone at headquarters was tired of seeing my form and had taken the initiative. A friend who joined a year later and had heard my story flippantly wrote in “Druid” on his form. That went through without a hiccup.
sorry, to make this more precise, as many other majority-Islamic countries actually are more diverse than they seem:
Indonesia is not just very diverse, but there is a strong undercurrent in society to see diversity as a value.
Thanks for all the info, pelamun!
Is the language you refer to as “Sanskrito-Javanese” what we Americans call “Indonesian” (wikilink: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language), or is it Javanese, or some other language?
After all if you were going to knock places off your bucket list on the basis of them having obscenely repressive laws and mobs of crazy fundamentalists about the only place anyone would ever visit would be sweden.
We here in Hobbitton take umbrage at your remark.
NZ:
all the natural wonders crammed into a place smaller than California!
Religious nutbaggers in office: 0
blasphemy laws: 0
atheists: 35%
A friend who joined a year later and had heard my story flippantly wrote in “Druid” on his form. That went through without a hiccup.
what’s the tag code for “druid”?
I’m guessing it was the same as yours.
Indonesia used to be part of the Indosphere, i.e. a lot of learned words are from Sanskrit, both in Indonesian and Javanese.
So you get some nice cognates all the way from there to English:
sama – same
nama – name
panca – five (as in Pancasila, cf. German fünf, Latin quinque, Greek πέντε)
dwi – two (as in “dwifungsi”)
Sorry, another mistake here:
they weren’t originally Catholic, of course.
First, the Dominicans came. Then, the Jesuits. I was led to understand that the Indonesian East was not strategically important enough for the Jesuits, so they left. Finally, the Societas Verbi Divini (they seem to be quite active in Asia, a Catholic missionary order). SVD sent many Dutch, German and Polish priests there. Now the priest seminaries in eastern Indonesia are full and “exporting” priests in turn.
“DRUID”
For what it’s worth, Portugal is a good place to visit. Lots of cultural beauty and rich history. It’s a Catholic nation, to be sure, but the people are very liberal it seems, especially the youth. I can only speak from personal experience from having visited family there (many of whom seem to be atheist-friendly, if not closet atheists themselves). The volcanic-sand beaches are pretty neat, too. :)
Talking about Portugal and other European countries, there are still blasphemy laws in effect around the EU:
http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,1894686,00.html
Though none of which is as severe as the Indonesian one, which in turn is not as severe as the one in Pakistan (though Pakistan is not really a good standard of comparison for this I guess)
Punishing the victim – it’s the fundie concept of ‘justice’ the world over in a nutshell.
really?
that really does surprise me.
Coincidentally, I was looking at this page today. It’s a look at the modern world, so it has most of Indonesia in the Arabic sphere, but it has Bali still in the Indian sphere. This is what they have to say about Malay/Indonesian:
Some languages, like Swahili and Malay, started out as trade languages which soon were essentially second languages. They continue to have a far smaller number of speakers as first languages than as second. Malay is the first language of less than 50 million people. But as a trade language which has become a national language of Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore (called Bahasa Malaysia, Bahasa Indonesia, and Bahasa Melayu respectively), Malay, a Malayo-Polynesian language, is one of the major languages of the world. One would not know this from the 2005 data.
Linguistically, that area is one of the most diverse and interesting in the world . Papua New Guinea alone has more than 10% of the world’s languages (according to Ethnologue, there are 830 living languages in New Guinea, out of about 7000 languages in the world; in fact, there are something like 60 language families in PNG).
What a Maroon,
while regarding Islam, Indonesian is full of Arabic borrowings, the Sanskrit influence is still persistent in all other fields (of course for modern technology, English/Pseudo-Dutch terms are prevalent now).
Papua-New Guinea is not part of Indonesia. New Guinea refers to the island the west part of which is part of Indonesia (now split in two provinces, Papua and West Papua).
Indonesia also has some 800+ languages if I’m not mistaken, but of course PNG has a higher degree of linguistic density…
Synfandel- maybe you should have written “Atheist”.
I was fortunate enough to attend a high school that offered a course called “India, China, and Japan” as one of the history electives we had to choose from sophomore year (year 10, age 15-16). It focused on those countries but touched on the history of south and southeast Asia and some Pacific islands as well. As a result, I learned, among other things, when and where Islam spread in that part of world. It wasn’t until 9/11 that I realized even this pathetic level of knowledge about the history of Islam and what cultures it had influenced was more than many of my countrymen.
I remember my grandmother, who was no friend of non-Christians or dark-skinned people, remarking on several occasions that with with the events going on in the world (in the 70s, 80s, and 90s), American schools should be teaching Arabic and the history of Islamic countries. How would we be able to interact with those people if we didn’t understand their languages and cultures?
As the events of the last 11 years (and 30 or 40 before that) have shown, a lot of Americans, including politicians and other powerful people, didn’t get the memo.
So thanks, pelamun, for adding to my pathetic level of knowledge about that part of the world.
</coolstorybro>
Thanks, truthspeaker, and others.
My experiences in two of the most religious countries in this world, the United States and Indonesia, have made me more antireligious than before (and the last impetus to come down from the “agnostic fence” came from PZ’s writings).
Since I have ties to East Asia, I’ve been comparing news coverage on East Asia and Southeast Asia, and regret that even though Indonesia has 240m people, it is significantly underrepresented in news coverage compared to China or Japan, even if you take population figures into account. And most times Indonesia merits reporting in the Western media it’s just about disasters, both natural and human-made, of which unfortunately there is no lack in Indonesia…
The story of how a highly diverse developing country with huge wealth disparities and a majority Muslim population has been embarking on an arduous journey towards democratisation and the rule of law despite all setbacks and problems is one that deserves to be told. (And the economy has been looking up, Indonesian bonds have just been upgraded!)
Posted on my facebook.
. Maybe it’d be safer to give the talk via satellite link. This would also make a powerful statement in showing the deficits of freedom of religion in Indonesia. But first you’d need to find an organisation willing to host such an event…
It’s called “youtube” and AronRa and Thunderf00t are on the job already.
according to Google Translate, in Indonesian, it would be :
Tidak ada Tuhan
in my own verbiage: There is no God, No Allah, and Mohammad was not a prophet. I Hope the government sees reason, and lets him go. Freedom of religion also means freedom from religion.
Marcus Ranum,
Because a bunch of youtube videos would make for great publicity in the press. Hold on – no, they wouldn’t.
DLC,
Unlikely. Indonesia is no longer a dictatorship. The people who marched on Alexander’s place of employment will demand justice, if the state lets him go, they will take matters into their own hands.
As discussed above, the Indonesian constitution does not grant you freedom from religion, only the freedom to choose from the six official religions. However, technically speaking, the blasphemy law does not outlaw being an atheist, but defaming one of the official religions. What led to the arrest this time, were anti-Islamic statements rather than necessarily the atheism per se.
Unfortunately, even the UN has passed resolutions that can be seen as arguing against defamation of religion.