Encyclopedia wars

There is an enduring appeal to encyclopedias.The ability to look up information that has been prepared by credible sources on a huge range of topics, is invaluable, especially for someone like me whose curiosity takes me in many different directions, triggered by random events in my life. As a result, I bought a complete set of the Encyclopedia Brittanica back around the early 1980s. I was not wealthy and it cost a lot but it was the one luxury that I felt justified in indulging in. Sadly I then had to part with it when I came to the US, because the massive multi-volume set was too expensive to ship and I expected that I would be moving around a lot in my first few years here as I struggled to gain a foothold in my career. So I gifted it to a friend. Then later in the US when my children were little and we were settled, I bought another multivolume encyclopedia set, ostensibly to help them look up stuff for their homework and for general interest though I think that secretly it was for my own benefit and I ended up being the main user.

What is nice about a physical encyclopedia is the serendipity that it enables, that you often start out looking up something specific but as you turn the pages to get to that entry, you stumble across unrelated items that are interesting and read about them too. It is like walking along library stacks looking for a particular book and finding other books that look interesting and checking them out as well. The difference is that with library stacks, books are arranged according to subject categories so you will likely be in the same general area while in an encyclopedia the entries are sorted alphabetically, so with the latter one can end up very far from the starting point.

But this was before the internet and Wikipedia, which has become the go-to source for people looking for information on anything. Now one is less likely to end up on a random topic, just as doing online searches for library books means that one can miss out on serendipitous discoveries. The same is true for journals and magazines. When you have hard copies, you tend to look at the table of contents and that can result in finding new articles of interest. But with online sources, you often get sent directly to the article you are looking for and do not scan the content titles. This saves time but also results in loss.
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The menace of influencers and the ‘Free Birth’ movement

I am becoming increasingly concerned whenever I see the word ‘influencer’ associated with someone on the internet. It is a vaguely defined terms and a brief search yields examples such as “one who exerts influence : a person who inspires or guides the actions of others” or “a person who is able to generate interest in something (such as a consumer product) by posting about it on social media” or “a person who has become well known through regular social media posts and is able to promote a product or service by recommending or using it online.”

I would like to add a further definition as “someone who has no real expertise or credentials about whatever they are talking about but are using their own experience or those of a few others to make sweeping claims that others should follow their advice even when that can be dangerous”.

I don’t really care about influencers who advise people about restaurants or hotels or vacation spots or what cleaning and cooking utensils to buy. Sure, the advice may be useless and they are likely being paid to shill for those things. But those are usually harmless and only result in a loss of money for the gullible. I am more concerned about those who give medical advice about treating ailments or who promote diets that can be harmful if continued for a long time.

One of the more dangerous influencers that I read about recently was in an investigative series by reporters from the Guardian newspaper promoting something called ‘free births’. To be clear, these are not so-called natural or unassisted births where women choose to give birth at home under the guidance of midwives and doulas who are able to quickly summon medical help if something goes seriously wrong with the delivery. (A midwife is a trained medical professional who knows how to deliver babies while a doula is someone who has no medical training but provides non-medical emotional and moral support.)
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The perils of perfectionism

There was an interesting article in the August 11, 2025 issue of The New Yorker about the pain that can be caused by being a perfectionist, in that it can lead to depression, eating disorders, and even suicide. To understand why, we need to distinguish perfectionism from the mere desire to excel or be the best at something. While those latter characteristics can skirt close to the boundary of perfectionism, they are not the same thing. What characterizes perfectionism is the feeling that whatever one does or achieves, it is never good enough and requires more work. This can lead to not completing projects because one is constantly making changes without moving on or holding back and not submitting articles or papers because of the need to do more research, more experiments, or explore obscure side issues, and so on. This can lead to a sense of frustration because of the loss of productivity. Perhaps the most dangerous issue is with eating disorders such as anorexia where however thin someone gets, they feel they are not thin enough.

The article focuses on the work of two psychologists Gordon Flett and Paul Hewitt who have spent decades studying this and produced a model that describes three types: “self-oriented perfectionism (requiring perfection of oneself), other-oriented perfectionism (railing against the imperfections of others), and socially prescribed perfectionism (believing that others require one to be perfect).”
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The story of punctuation

I am fascinated by the evolution of language but had never given much thought to punctuation. If I gave it any consideration at all, I tended to think of punctuation marks such as the period, the comma, and the apostrophe as somehow having been there from the beginning of writing, appearing somewhat organically along with writing. But according to Florence Hazrat at the University of Sheffield, the origin of punctuation marks can be dated quite precisely.

In the broad sense, punctuation is any glyph or sign in a text that isn’t an alphabet letter. This includes spaces, whose inclusion wasn’t always a given: in classical times stone inscriptions as well as handwritten texts WOULDLOOKLIKETHIS – written on scrolls, potentially unrolling forever. Reasons for continuous script aren’t entirely clear, but might be connected to a conception of writing as record of speech rather than a practice in itself, and since we’re hardly aware of the minuscule pauses we make between words when speaking, it isn’t obvious to register something we do and perceive unconsciously with a designated sign that is a non-sign: blank space.

Writing without punctuation lasted for many hundreds of years, in spite of individual efforts such as those of Aristophanes, the librarian at Alexandria. Around 200 BCE, Aristophanes of Alexandria wished to ease pronunciation of Greek for foreigners by suggesting small circles at different levels of the line for pauses of different lengths, emphasising the rhythm of the sentence though not yet its grammatical shape.

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How Uruguay’s energy supply became 98% renewable

The fossil fuel industry likes to make out that it is a pipe dream to think that we can completely replace fossil fuels with alternative sustainable sources. But the example of Uruguay shows that it is not only possible but the transformation can be done in as short a time as five years.

By the early 2010s, Uruguay’s government realized that continuing to rely on imported fossil fuels was economically unsustainable. Méndez Galain, then a particle physicist with no formal experience in the energy sector, proposed a bold plan: to build a system that relied almost entirely on domestic renewable resources—wind, solar, and biomass—and do it in a way that was cheaper than fossil fuels.

The results speak for themselves. Today, Uruguay produces nearly 99% of its electricity from renewable sources, with only a small fraction—roughly 1%–3%—coming from flexible thermal plants, such as those powered by natural gas. They are used only when hydroelectric power cannot fully cover periods when wind and solar energy are low. The energy mix is diverse: while hydropower accounts for 45%, wind can contribute up to 35% of total electricity, and biomass—once considered a waste problem—now makes up 15%. Solar fills the gaps.
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The deliciousness of sleep

Among my friends, many of them complain of problems with sleep, either falling asleep or getting up after sleeping for a short while and then being stubbornly awake for long periods. Given that we are repeatedly told that people need to get about eight hours sleep a night and that lack of adequate sleep can lead to various adverse health issues, they worry about their lack of sleep and exchange the many different strategies that are out there to combat this problem. But these have various levels of success in that some techniques work for some and not for others, and the same technique that worked for a while may stop being effective. Older people and post-menopausal women seem to be more prone to lack of adequate sleep.

During these discussions, I remain quiet. This is because I have never had any problems with sleep and it seems insensitive to tell others this when they are clearly concerned about their problem. I have a regular night time routine and I usually fall asleep within a few minutes. Now that I am older I do get up about once a night but can go back to sleep fairly quickly, waking up at around 7:30 the next day. I then luxuriate in bed for about 30 minutes before getting up. I even usually take a nap during the day, which some sleep-deprived people are recommended to not do, and it does not affect my night time sleep. Neither does taking caffeine before bedtime. I also enjoy a brief liminal period after waking, where one drifts in and out of short periods of sleep.
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Assisted dying pioneer dies the way he wished

Ludwig Minelli died yesterday at the age of 93. He had long promoted the idea that people facing death should have the option of choosing when and how they died and the organization he founded in 1998 called Dignitas helped people to do just that. It was announced that that was how he died.

Ludwig Minelli, who founded the group in 1998, died on Saturday, days before his 93rd birthday, Dignitas said. It added: “Right up to the end of his life, he continued to search for further ways to help people to exercise their right to freedom of choice and self-determination in their ‘final matters’ – and he often found them.”
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Minelli, a journalist turned lawyer, faced many legal challenges and made several successful appeals to the Swiss supreme court and the European court of human rights (ECHR).

Internationally there has been a significant shift in attitudes towards assisted dying in the nearly three decades since Dignitas was founded. France recently voted to allow some people in the last stages of a terminal illness the right to assisted dying. Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Spain and Austria have all introduced assisted dying laws since 2015. In the US, assisted dying is legal in 10 states.
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Paying tribute to Minelli on Sunday, Dignitas said his work had had a lasting influence on Swiss law, pointing to a 2011 ECHR ruling that recognised the right of a person to decide the manner and time of their own end of life.

Swiss law does not allow for euthanasia, where a doctor or other person administers a lethal injection, for example. But assisted dying – when a person who articulates a wish to die commits the lethal act themselves – has been legal for decades.

Unlike some similar organisations in Switzerland, Dignitas, which says it has more than 10,000 members, also offers its services to people living outside the country.

I am aware of the pitfalls associated with this practice, the main one being that some people may be unduly pressured by others to exercise this option simply because they have become seen as a burden to others or to society.

But I for one would like to have this option. I have reached an age where friends and relatives my age (and even younger) are going through very difficult times involving their health, and even dealing with various forms of dementia. Seeing them struggle, and the thought of facing a similarly protracted end of life, is something I wish to to avoid.

Assisted dying is not available everywhere in the US. It is currently available in 11 states and the District of Columbia (of which fortunately California is one) though that right is under threat in two of those places, New Jersey and DC.

Can breaking stuff be cathartic?

I am sure that everyone has seen a variation of this scene in films. Somebody gets really mad about something and then starts throwing stuff, either at another person or at the wall, or sweeping everything off their desks so that they crash to the floor, scattering debris everywhere. Whenever I see that exceedingly common scene,I always wonder to myself, “Do people really behave like that?” I personally have never felt the urge to do anything remotely destructive like that when I feel angry. Apart from the danger posed by broken crockery and glass flying around, there is also the cost of replacing them and cleaning up the mess. Even if it provides some catharsis, the costs are definitely not worth it, for me at least. No one I know has ever done that either, at least to my knowledge. I doubt that we are particularly placid people. It may just be that this kind of scene is an easy way for filmmakers to show rage as well as providing some action to spice up the film.

But one side-effect of showing them is that it might make people think that breaking stuff is a good way to release pent-up feelings of anger. And there are now things called Rage Rooms where, for a fee, people can go and break stuff when they feel angry.
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What is the appeal of horror and gore on screen?

This article looks at why so many people enjoy seeing even horrific violence on screen, most extremely in what are labeled as slasher films, and what types of people are attracted to them.

Some people are more likely to enjoy violent media than others. Being male, aggressive and having less empathy all make you more likely to enjoy watching screen violence. There are also certain personality traits associated liking violent media. Extroverted people, who seek excitement, and people who are more open to aesthetic experiences, like watching violent movies more.

Conversely, people high in agreeableness – characterised by humility and sympathy for others – tend to like violent media less.
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More recent research, derived from studies of horror films, suggests there may be three categories of people who enjoy watching violence, each with their own reasons.

One group has been dubbed “adrenaline junkies”. These sensation seekers want new and intense experiences, and are more likely to get a rush from watching violence. Part of this group may be people who like seeing others suffer. Sadists feel other people’s pain more than normal, and enjoy it.

Another group enjoys watching violence because they feel they learn something from it. In horror studies, such people are called “white knucklers”. Like adrenaline junkies, they feel intense emotions from watching horror. But they dislike these emotions. They tolerate it because they feel it helps them learn something about how to survive.
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A final group seems to get both sets of benefits. They enjoy the sensations generated by watching violence and feel they learn something. In the horror genre, such people have been called “dark copers”.

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Aphantasia and hyperphantasia

The brain is the most complex part of the human body. While there is much that we have learned about its workings, it is clear that we have only scratched the surface of understanding its complexity so it should not be surprising that we keep discovering new aspects of it.

In the November 3, 2025 issue of The New Yorker, Larissa MacFarquhar discusses something that had only been dimly perceived in the past but came into the awareness of the scientific research community within the last two decades. It has been given the name of aphantasia. The word phantasia was defined by Aristotle as the ability to conjure up an image in the imagination, so aphantasia is the inability to do so.

The reason that this feature of the brain remained under the radar for so long is because the people who had been born with it did not realize what they were missing because why should they? It must be like people born with color-blindness. They would assume that the world of color that they see is the same as what everyone else sees, until something happens that makes them realize that there is a difference.

So with aphantasia. The article describes a physicist Nick Watkins who could recall the events in his past but did not relive them in his memory. It did not occur to him that others could so. Then, while reading a newspaper article in 1997 in which the author vividly described recalling the images of his past, he had an epiphany.
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