Consciousness, measurement, and quantum mechanics – Part 2

(See Part 1 here. Also I am going to suspend the limit of three comments per post for this series of posts because it is a topic that benefits from back and forth discussions.)

It looks like I may have not been sufficiently precise in my first post, leading to some confusion, so I am going to take a slight detour from my series of posts on this topic to address an issue that came up in the comments about the nature of the probability and statistics that is used in quantum theory and how it differs from what we use in everyday life, in particular, the nature of the uncertainty in predicting outcomes. (As always with quantum mechanics, since the phenomena involved are invisible to our senses and often counter-intuitive, we have to use analogies and metaphors to try and bring out the ideas, with the caveat that those never exactly represent the reality.)

Let’s start with classical statistics that we use in everyday life in a situation where the results of a measurement are binary. Suppose that we want to know what percentage of a population has heights less that five feet. If we measure the height of a single person, that will be either more or less than five feet. It will not give us a probability. How do we find that? We take a random sample of people and measure their heights. From those results, we can calculate the fraction of people less than five feet by dividing the number in that category by the size of the sample. That fraction also now represents the probability that if we pick any future person at random, that person will be shorter than five feet. When we pick a random person, we do not know which category they will fall into but we do know that it will be either one or the other. What we also believe is, that in the classical world, each person’s height was fixed before we measured it. We just did not know it beforehand.
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Consciousness, measurement, and quantum mechanics – Part 1

My link to a video of a discussion between physicist Bernard Carr and Robert Lawrence Kuhn generated a request for me to to clarify what was being said about the possible role of consciousness in quantum measurements. With me, you have to be careful about what you wish for because as so often happens, my attempts to explain difficult physics concepts leads to multi-part posts because of all the subtleties involved. I hope that readers will think and discuss each part and clarify it in their minds before moving on to the next section.

Since this is a tricky topic, before I give my views, let me state my background in this area so that you can judge for yourselves whether to give any credibility to my opinions. I have worked all my professional life in the area of quantum physics, and thought and read about the measurement problem a lot and have even taught about it as part of quantum mechanics courses. But I have not published any papers in this particular area of quantum mechanics. I also apologize in advance for some oversimplifications that I will make in order to make the subject more intelligible to people without a background in quantum mechanics or even physics. I will also, where appropriate, include the technical terms for various processes. It is not important that you know this jargon. I only include it so that people who read other articles that use those terms will have a better idea of what is being talked about.
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A cautionary tale

Back in August, I discussed a long New Yorker article that looked at the world of wealthy anti-aging activists, also known as biohackers, especially one Peter Diamandis, who go to extraordinary lengths to try and increase their lifespans and even seek immortality. Since they are so rich, they can afford to spend vast sums of money on these efforts and can propagate their ideas in the media.

But ordinary people who try to follow their practices can find themselves in difficulties, as can be seen from this letter to the editor that appeared the following month in which the correspondent Matigan King described her own experience.

I enjoyed Tad Friend’s witty and entertaining piece about the fascinating world of anti-aging (“Live Long and Prosper,” August 11th). I’m particularly grateful to Friend for pointing out that some of the trendy life-style interventions advocated by health influencers, such as intermittent fasting, affect women differently than they do men.
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New Trump slogan: Make America Sick Again!

In previous government shutdowns, federal employees were furloughed and not paid during it but when the shutdown ended, they were brought back and given their back pay. This time Trump first said that they may not get any back pay and then upped the ante by saying that he will begin firing them. He and the Republicans seem to think that this will put pressure on the Democrats to acquiesce to their demand to approve a short-term spending bill that will result in cutting health care subsidies under Obamacare that made health insurance premiums more affordable.

Over the weekend, people started getting fired. It seems like the first firings are targeting health care workers and had been planned even before the shutdown.
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“Are observers fundamental to physics, or simply byproducts of it?”

I like this discussion because it does not try to hide the fact that the interplay of the observer and the wave function in quantum mechanics is a fundamental unresolved question in physics.

Are observers central to physics, or are they more accurately framed as bystanders to and byproducts of phenomena that exist independently of consciousness? In this interview from the long-running series Closer to Truth, Bernard Carr, an emeritus professor of mathematics and astronomy at Queen Mary University of London, traverses the double-slit experiment, the fine-tuning argument and more to explore what significance, if any, first-person observation holds in the realm of fundamental physics. In his conversation with the US presenter Robert Lawrence Kuhn, he doesn’t adopt a personal stance. Instead, he considers these persistent questions through a contemporary frame, assessing how discussions around them have evolved and where they stand among physicists today.

Meet Tilly Norwood, who may be the next big star

She is introduced in this clip.

As you would have read in the first frame, she and everyone else in that clip are entirely the creation of AI.

Meet Tilly Norwood, an up-and-coming on-screen talent who might just be the next big thing.

Norwood, as can be seen in the exclusive clip above, appears to be a talking, waving, bona fide person – she can even cry.

Except she’s not a real-life person: she doesn’t exist off a screen (yet), having instead been birthed via the increasingly sophisticated capabilities of AI software.

But then again, so has the entire sketch above, including all the other actors you see.

Norwood and the sketch are both the work of Particle 6, the UK production company created and led by Eline van de Velden, a former actor-turned-producer who also happens to have a Master’s degree in physics from London’s Imperial College.

“We want Tilly to be the next Scarlett Johansson or Natalie Portman, that’s the aim of what we’re doing,” van der Velden tells Broadcast International.
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The sketch is also acting as the first on-screen appearance for Norwood, and discussions are now in the works to see if talent agencies want to sign up the AI creation.

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The damage done to autism research

I wrote before how the actions of the Trump administration are eerily reminiscent of the Lysenko era in the former Soviet Union when Trofim Lysenko used the power of the government to suppress genetics research that did not agree with his prejudices, setting back agriculture in the country for decades. It is clear that the ghost of Lysenko now haunts the White House and the office of RFK Jr, as they have both decided that they only want to see research that supports what they already believe

The extraordinary press conference where Trump and RFK Jr. inveighed against the over-the-counter pain-killer Tylenol (the brand name for the drug acetaminophen) took people by surprise, even though we should be used be used by now to this duo pushing crackpot theories that have little or no factual basis.

For years, scientists have studied a possible link between pregnant mothers’ use of acetaminophen, the active ingredient in Tylenol, and neurological conditions like autism and A.D.H.D. The findings are complex. Some studies suggest a link; others do not. None have found proof of a causal relationship.

Yet Trump spoke as if the connection were definitive. He instructed pregnant women to avoid the drug. “Don’t take Tylenol. Don’t take it. Fight like hell not to take it,” he said.

It s easy for him to say. But what are pregnant women supposed to do when they need an analgesic?
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Back to the days of half-baked medical advice

We all recall the days during the Covid pandemic in 2020 when Trump would hold press conferences where he would promote whatever the latest crackpot idea that he heard about to treat Covid, such as injecting disinfectant or hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine or ultraviolet light or the animal dewormer Ivormectin. And since as president he commanded much media attention, a lot of people listened to him.

It looks like we are back to those days, only much worse since Trump is now backed by another crank in RFK Jr. whom he has appointed to the post of secretary of the department of health and human services and who has long espoused anti-vaccine views as well as promoting false theories as to the causes of major ailments.

They seem to think that they have found the cause of autism and that it is the over-the-counter analgesic Tylenol, long a staple of home remedies for fevers and minor pain. He and RFK Jr have launched a major attack on it, claiming that it can cause autism.
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What makes a disease incurable?

In my previous post on Canada’s system known as MAID (Medical Assistance in Dying), there was an issue that I did not properly address and thought worth exploring in more depth, and that is the question of when a patient’s request for assistance in dying should be honored. The criteria have been getting steadily looser over time, which is not surprising. Once the threshold has been crossed that it is acceptable for medical professionals to end the life of a patient, the line as how much it should be limited becomes difficult to draw.

In 2014, when the question of medically assisted death had come before Canada’s supreme court, Etienne Montero, a civil-law professor and at the time the president of the European Institute of Bioethics, warned in testimony that the practice of euthanasia, once legal, was impossible to control. Montero had been retained by the attorney general of Canada to discuss the experience of assisted death in Belgium—how a regime that had begun with “extremely strict” criteria had steadily evolved, through loose interpretations and lax enforcement, to accommodate many of the very patients it had once pledged to protect. When a patient’s autonomy is paramount, Montero argued, expansion is inevitable: “Sooner or later, a patient’s repeated wish will take precedence over strict statutory conditions.”

As the size of the aging population gets larger and we see many cases of painful and protracted end of life, and as more and more people become comfortable with the idea of assisted dying and know of people who have taken the route and died peacefully, they are likely to want greater access, and that has happened in Canada with the expansion occurring at a faster rate than in Belgium
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Canada grapples with medically assisted dying

That people should be able to request medical assistance in dying peacefully if they face a long and painful death due to illness or chronic pain is something that many people can sympathize with it. But implementing such a program in practice can create problems for the family and the medical professionals involved. Canada legalized the practice following a supreme court decision in 2015 and has seen a rapid rise in what are called MAID (Medical Assistance in Dying) deaths. The August 11, 2025 issue of The Atlantic magazine has an article by Elaina Plott Calabro titled Canada is Killing Itself that takes a very deep dive into this ethically challenging area.

When Canada’s Parliament in 2016 legalized the practice of euthanasia—Medical Assistance in Dying, or MAID, as it’s formally called—it launched an open-ended medical experiment. One day, administering a lethal injection to a patient was against the law; the next, it was as legitimate as a tonsillectomy, but often with less of a wait. MAID now accounts for about one in 20 deaths in Canada—more than Alzheimer’s and diabetes combined—surpassing countries where assisted dying has been legal for far longer.
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The new law approved medical assistance in dying for adults who had a “grievous and irremediable medical condition” causing them “intolerable suffering,” and who faced a “reasonably foreseeable” natural death. To qualify, patients needed two clinicians to sign off on their application, and the law required a 10-day “reflection period” before the procedure could take place.

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